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문서서버Nginx 및 Apache

Nginx / Apache 웹 서버

26.10 버전 차이

26.10은 OpenSSL 4를 사용합니다. 특히 PKCS#11/HSM 통합의 경우 레거시 엔진 구성을 공급자로 마이그레이션합니다. 서비스를 다시 로드하기 전에 구성 및 인증서 체인의 유효성을 검사하십시오. 패키지 설치만으로는 호환성이 확립되지 않습니다. 공식 릴리스 노트 

이 문서에서는 Ubuntu 26.04에서 가장 널리 사용되는 두 가지 웹 서버인 Nginx 및 Apache을 설치하고 구성하는 방법을 다룹니다.

Nginx

Nginx 설치 중

sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx -y
 
# Start and enable on boot
sudo systemctl enable --now nginx
 
# Check status
sudo systemctl status nginx
 
# Check version
nginx -v

방화벽 구성

# Allow HTTP and HTTPS
sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'
 
# Or allow individually
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp

디렉토리 구조

/etc/nginx/
├── nginx.conf              # Main configuration file
├── sites-available/        # Available site configurations
├── sites-enabled/          # Enabled sites (symlinks)
├── conf.d/                 # Additional configuration snippets
├── snippets/               # Reusable configuration snippets
└── modules-enabled/        # Enabled modules

/var/www/                   # Website root directory
/var/log/nginx/             # Log directory

가상 호스트 구성

# Create website directory
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/html
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/example.com
echo "<h1>Welcome to example.com</h1>" | sudo tee /var/www/example.com/html/index.html
 
# Create virtual host configuration
sudo tee /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com << 'EOF'
server {
    listen 80;
    listen [::]:80;
 
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    root /var/www/example.com/html;
    index index.html index.htm;
 
    # Logs
    access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log;
 
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
 
    # Static asset caching
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js|woff2)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
 
    # Deny access to hidden files
    location ~ /\. {
        deny all;
    }
}
EOF
 
# Enable the site
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
 
# Remove default site (optional)
sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
 
# Test configuration
sudo nginx -t
 
# Reload
sudo systemctl reload nginx

역방향 프록시 구성

sudo tee /etc/nginx/sites-available/app-proxy << 'EOF'
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name app.example.com;
 
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3000;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
 
        # WebSocket support
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
    }
}
EOF
 
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/app-proxy /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
sudo nginx -t && sudo systemctl reload nginx

Nginx 성능 튜닝

# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf key settings
sudo tee /etc/nginx/conf.d/performance.conf << 'EOF'
# Gzip compression
gzip on;
gzip_vary on;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_comp_level 5;
gzip_min_length 256;
gzip_types
    text/plain
    text/css
    text/xml
    text/javascript
    application/json
    application/javascript
    application/xml
    application/rss+xml
    image/svg+xml;
 
# File caching
open_file_cache max=1000 inactive=20s;
open_file_cache_valid 30s;
open_file_cache_min_uses 2;
 
# Connection optimization
keepalive_timeout 65;
keepalive_requests 100;
EOF
 
sudo nginx -t && sudo systemctl reload nginx

Apache

Apache 설치 중

sudo apt update
sudo apt install apache2 -y
 
# Start and enable on boot
sudo systemctl enable --now apache2
 
# Check status
sudo systemctl status apache2
 
# Check version
apache2 -v

방화벽 구성

sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full'

디렉토리 구조

/etc/apache2/
├── apache2.conf            # Main configuration file
├── ports.conf              # Listening ports
├── sites-available/        # Available site configurations
├── sites-enabled/          # Enabled sites
├── mods-available/         # Available modules
├── mods-enabled/           # Enabled modules
└── conf-available/         # Additional configuration

/var/www/                   # Website root directory
/var/log/apache2/           # Log directory

공통 모듈 관리

# Enable modules
sudo a2enmod rewrite        # URL rewriting
sudo a2enmod ssl             # SSL/TLS
sudo a2enmod headers         # HTTP header control
sudo a2enmod proxy           # Reverse proxy
sudo a2enmod proxy_http      # HTTP proxy
sudo a2enmod proxy_wstunnel  # WebSocket proxy
 
# Disable a module
sudo a2dismod autoindex
 
# Restart to apply changes
sudo systemctl restart apache2

가상 호스트 구성

# Create website directory
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/html
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/example.com
echo "<h1>Welcome to example.com</h1>" | sudo tee /var/www/example.com/html/index.html
 
# Create virtual host configuration
sudo tee /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf << 'EOF'
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName example.com
    ServerAlias www.example.com
    ServerAdmin admin@example.com
    DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/html
 
    <Directory /var/www/example.com/html>
        Options -Indexes +FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
 
    # Logs
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/example.com-error.log
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/example.com-access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
EOF
 
# Enable the site
sudo a2ensite example.com.conf
 
# Disable the default site (optional)
sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf
 
# Test configuration
sudo apache2ctl configtest
 
# Reload
sudo systemctl reload apache2

역방향 프록시 구성

sudo a2enmod proxy proxy_http
 
sudo tee /etc/apache2/sites-available/app-proxy.conf << 'EOF'
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName app.example.com
 
    ProxyPreserveHost On
    ProxyPass / http://127.0.0.1:3000/
    ProxyPassReverse / http://127.0.0.1:3000/
 
    # WebSocket proxy
    RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond %{HTTP:Upgrade} websocket [NC]
    RewriteCond %{HTTP:Connection} upgrade [NC]
    RewriteRule ^/?(.*) ws://127.0.0.1:3000/$1 [P,L]
 
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/app-proxy-error.log
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/app-proxy-access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
EOF
 
sudo a2ensite app-proxy.conf
sudo apache2ctl configtest && sudo systemctl reload apache2

SSL 인증서 구성

Let’s Encrypt(Certbot) 사용

# Install Certbot
sudo apt install certbot -y
 
# Nginx plugin
sudo apt install python3-certbot-nginx -y
 
# Apache plugin
sudo apt install python3-certbot-apache -y

Nginx SSL 구성

# Automatically obtain and configure certificates
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com
 
# Test automatic renewal
sudo certbot renew --dry-run
 
# View certificate information
sudo certbot certificates

Certbot은 Nginx 구성을 다음과 같이 자동으로 수정합니다.

server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    listen [::]:443 ssl;
    http2 on;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
 
    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
    include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf;
    ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem;
 
    # ... other configuration
}
 
# HTTP to HTTPS redirect
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}

Apache SSL 구성

# Enable the SSL module
sudo a2enmod ssl
 
# Automatically obtain and configure certificates
sudo certbot --apache -d example.com -d www.example.com

수동 SSL 구성(Nginx)

sudo tee /etc/nginx/snippets/ssl-params.conf << 'EOF'
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_tickets off;
 
# HSTS
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;
 
# OCSP Stapling
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
resolver 223.5.5.5 8.8.8.8 valid=300s;
EOF

자동 갱신

# Certbot automatically configures a systemd timer during installation
sudo systemctl status certbot.timer
 
# Manual renewal
sudo certbot renew
 
# View the renewal schedule
sudo systemctl list-timers | grep certbot

Nginx 대 Apache: 올바른 선택

대본추천이유
동시성이 높은 정적 파일Nginx이벤트 기반, 낮은 메모리 사용량
.htaccess 요구 사항Apache디렉터리 수준 구성에 대한 기본 지원
역방향 프록시/로드 밸런싱Nginx깔끔한 구성, 뛰어난 성능
PHP (PHP-FPM)어느 하나둘 다 FastCGI를 지원합니다. 26.04에서 권장됨
마이크로서비스 게이트웨이NginxAPI 게이트웨이 시나리오에 더 적합
Warning

Ubuntu 26.04에서 Apache 2.4.66 서비스는 기본적으로 MemoryDenyWriteExecute=yes을 활성화하며 이로 인해 libapache2-mod-php이 충돌하게 됩니다. 공식적인 권장 사항은 내장된 mod_php 대신 PHP-FPM(mod_proxy_fcgi + php-fpm)을 사용하는 것입니다.

일반 관리 명령

# Nginx
sudo nginx -t                        # Test configuration
sudo systemctl reload nginx          # Graceful reload
sudo systemctl restart nginx         # Restart
sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log  # View access log
 
# Apache
sudo apache2ctl configtest           # Test configuration
sudo systemctl reload apache2        # Graceful reload
sudo systemctl restart apache2       # Restart
sudo a2ensite site.conf              # Enable site
sudo a2dissite site.conf             # Disable site
sudo a2enmod module                  # Enable module
sudo a2dismod module                 # Disable module
sudo tail -f /var/log/apache2/access.log  # View access log

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