Skip to Content

OuvrirVPN / WireGuard VPN

Un VPN (Virtual Private Network) fournit un tunnel crypté pour l’accès à distance et la connectivité de site à site. Cet article couvre le déploiement de deux solutions VPN grand public sur Ubuntu 26.04.

WireGuard

WireGuard est un protocole VPN moderne et performant intégré au noyau Linux. Il est simple à configurer et offre d’excellentes performances.

Installer WireGuard

sudo apt update sudo apt install wireguard -y # Verify the kernel module sudo modprobe wireguard lsmod | grep wireguard

Configuration du serveur

# /etc/wireguard is writable only by root, so the commands below require root. # It is recommended to run sudo -i to switch to root first, or add sudo to each command. # Generate server key pair wg genkey | sudo tee /etc/wireguard/server_private.key | wg pubkey | sudo tee /etc/wireguard/server_public.key sudo chmod 600 /etc/wireguard/server_private.key # Generate client key pair wg genkey | sudo tee /etc/wireguard/client1_private.key | wg pubkey | sudo tee /etc/wireguard/client1_public.key # Read key contents SERVER_PRIVKEY=$(sudo cat /etc/wireguard/server_private.key) SERVER_PUBKEY=$(sudo cat /etc/wireguard/server_public.key) CLIENT1_PRIVKEY=$(sudo cat /etc/wireguard/client1_private.key) CLIENT1_PUBKEY=$(sudo cat /etc/wireguard/client1_public.key)
# Create server configuration sudo tee /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf << EOF [Interface] Address = 10.0.0.1/24 ListenPort = 51820 PrivateKey = ${SERVER_PRIVKEY} # Enable IP forwarding and NAT (for client internet access) PostUp = iptables -A FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE PostDown = iptables -D FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE # Client 1 [Peer] PublicKey = ${CLIENT1_PUBKEY} AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.2/32 EOF sudo chmod 600 /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
# Enable IP forwarding echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.d/99-wireguard.conf sudo sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-wireguard.conf # Start WireGuard sudo systemctl enable --now wg-quick@wg0 # Check status sudo wg show # Firewall sudo ufw allow 51820/udp

Configuration client

# Client configuration file sudo tee /etc/wireguard/client1.conf << EOF [Interface] Address = 10.0.0.2/24 PrivateKey = ${CLIENT1_PRIVKEY} DNS = 8.8.8.8, 1.1.1.1 [Peer] PublicKey = ${SERVER_PUBKEY} Endpoint = your-server-ip:51820 AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 # Route all traffic through VPN # AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.0/24 # Only route VPN subnet through VPN (split tunneling) PersistentKeepalive = 25 EOF sudo chmod 600 /etc/wireguard/client1.conf # Start the connection (the interface name is taken from the config file name client1) sudo wg-quick up client1 # Disconnect sudo wg-quick down client1

Ajouter un nouveau client

# Generate new client keys on the server wg genkey | tee /etc/wireguard/client2_private.key | wg pubkey > /etc/wireguard/client2_public.key CLIENT2_PUBKEY=$(cat /etc/wireguard/client2_public.key) # Hot-add a peer (no service restart needed) sudo wg set wg0 peer ${CLIENT2_PUBKEY} allowed-ips 10.0.0.3/32 # Or edit the configuration file and reload sudo systemctl restart wg-quick@wg0

Générer un code QR client (pour mobile)

sudo apt install qrencode -y # Generate a QR code from the config sudo qrencode -t ansiutf8 < /etc/wireguard/client1.conf

OuvrirVPN

OpenVPN est une solution VPN mature et stable avec une compatibilité plus large et une prise en charge de topologies de réseau plus complexes.

Installer OpenVPN

sudo apt update sudo apt install openvpn easy-rsa -y

Configurer PKI (infrastructure de certificat)

# Initialize Easy-RSA mkdir -p ~/easy-rsa ln -s /usr/share/easy-rsa/* ~/easy-rsa/ cd ~/easy-rsa # Configure variables tee vars << 'EOF' set_var EASYRSA_ALGO ec set_var EASYRSA_DIGEST sha512 set_var EASYRSA_CURVE secp384r1 set_var EASYRSA_REQ_COUNTRY "US" set_var EASYRSA_REQ_PROVINCE "California" set_var EASYRSA_REQ_CITY "San Francisco" set_var EASYRSA_REQ_ORG "MyOrg" set_var EASYRSA_REQ_EMAIL "admin@example.com" set_var EASYRSA_CA_EXPIRE 3650 set_var EASYRSA_CERT_EXPIRE 365 EOF # Initialize PKI ./easyrsa init-pki # Create CA (Certificate Authority) ./easyrsa build-ca nopass # Generate server certificate ./easyrsa gen-req server nopass ./easyrsa sign-req server server # Generate client certificate ./easyrsa gen-req client1 nopass ./easyrsa sign-req client client1 # Generate TLS authentication key openvpn --genkey secret /etc/openvpn/ta.key # Generate DH parameters (can be skipped when using EC) # ./easyrsa gen-dh

Copier les fichiers de certificat

sudo cp ~/easy-rsa/pki/ca.crt /etc/openvpn/server/ sudo cp ~/easy-rsa/pki/issued/server.crt /etc/openvpn/server/ sudo cp ~/easy-rsa/pki/private/server.key /etc/openvpn/server/ sudo cp ~/easy-rsa/ta.key /etc/openvpn/server/ 2>/dev/null || sudo cp /etc/openvpn/ta.key /etc/openvpn/server/

Configuration du serveur

sudo tee /etc/openvpn/server/server.conf << 'EOF' # Listening port and protocol port 1194 proto udp dev tun # Certificate files ca /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/server/server.crt key /etc/openvpn/server/server.key tls-auth /etc/openvpn/server/ta.key 0 # Encryption settings cipher AES-256-GCM auth SHA256 tls-version-min 1.2 # Network settings server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist /var/log/openvpn/ipp.txt # Push routes and DNS to clients push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" push "dhcp-option DNS 1.1.1.1" # Allow client-to-client communication client-to-client # Keepalive keepalive 10 120 # Security user nobody group nogroup persist-key persist-tun # Logging status /var/log/openvpn/openvpn-status.log log-append /var/log/openvpn/openvpn.log verb 3 mute 20 # Maximum clients max-clients 50 EOF
# Create the log directory sudo mkdir -p /var/log/openvpn # Enable IP forwarding echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.d/99-openvpn.conf sudo sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-openvpn.conf # Configure NAT sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE # Persist iptables rules sudo apt install iptables-persistent -y sudo netfilter-persistent save # Start OpenVPN sudo systemctl enable --now openvpn-server@server # Firewall sudo ufw allow 1194/udp

Configuration client

# Create the client .ovpn configuration file cat << 'EOF' > ~/client1.ovpn client dev tun proto udp remote your-server-ip 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun remote-cert-tls server cipher AES-256-GCM auth SHA256 key-direction 1 verb 3 EOF # Embed certificates (generate a single-file config) echo "<ca>" >> ~/client1.ovpn cat ~/easy-rsa/pki/ca.crt >> ~/client1.ovpn echo "</ca>" >> ~/client1.ovpn echo "<cert>" >> ~/client1.ovpn cat ~/easy-rsa/pki/issued/client1.crt >> ~/client1.ovpn echo "</cert>" >> ~/client1.ovpn echo "<key>" >> ~/client1.ovpn cat ~/easy-rsa/pki/private/client1.key >> ~/client1.ovpn echo "</key>" >> ~/client1.ovpn echo "<tls-auth>" >> ~/client1.ovpn cat /etc/openvpn/server/ta.key >> ~/client1.ovpn echo "</tls-auth>" >> ~/client1.ovpn

Transférez en toute sécurité client1.ovpn au client à utiliser.

Comparaison WireGuard et OpenVPN

FonctionnalitéWireGuardOuvrirVPN
Taille de la base de code~4 000 lignes~100 000 lignes
CryptageChaCha20, Courbe25519OpenSSL (plusieurs options)
PerformanceTrès élevé (espace noyau)Élevé (espace utilisateur)
ProtocoleUDPUDP/TCP
Traversée du pare-feuUDP uniquementTCP 443 peut imiter HTTPS
Complexité de configurationSimplePlus complexe
Clients IP dynamiquesSoutenuSoutenu
Système de certificat PKIAucun (paires de clés)Infrastructure d’autorité de certification complète
Plateformes clientsMultiplateformeMultiplateforme
Journalisation d’auditBasiqueDétaillé

Recommandations

  • WireGuard : Utilisation personnelle, petites équipes, simplicité et haute efficacité
  • OpenVPN : environnements d’entreprise, journalisation d’audit détaillée requise, traversée du pare-feu TCP nécessaire

Gestion et surveillance

# WireGuard status sudo wg show sudo wg show wg0 latest-handshakes sudo wg show wg0 transfer # OpenVPN status sudo cat /var/log/openvpn/openvpn-status.log sudo journalctl -u openvpn-server@server -f # View connected clients # WireGuard sudo wg show wg0 peers # OpenVPN sudo cat /var/log/openvpn/openvpn-status.log | grep "CLIENT_LIST"

Dépannage

# Check IP forwarding sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward # Check NAT rules sudo iptables -t nat -L -n -v # Check listening ports ss -ulnp | grep -E "(51820|1194)" # Test connectivity ping 10.0.0.1 # WireGuard server ping 10.8.0.1 # OpenVPN server # WireGuard debugging sudo wg show wg0 # If there is no handshake time, check the firewall and port # OpenVPN debugging sudo tail -f /var/log/openvpn/openvpn.log # Client connection test curl ifconfig.me # Check if the exit IP is the VPN server