Lista de verificación de copia de seguridad previa a la actualización

Las actualizaciones del sistema conllevan algunos riesgos; Las copias de seguridad exhaustivas son un requisito previo para una actualización segura. La siguiente lista de verificación le ayudará a prepararse completamente antes de actualizar.

Prioridad de copia de seguridad

Prioridad	Contenido	Razón
más alto	Datos de usuario y bases de datos.	No se puede recrear
Alto	Archivos de configuración del sistema	Configuraciones personalizadas manualmente
Medio	Listas de paquetes y estados de servicio	Ayuda a reconstruir el medio ambiente.
Bajo	Instantánea completa del sistema	Reversión rápida

1. Copia de seguridad de los datos del usuario

Archivos personales


# Back up the entire home directory
sudo rsync -avzP /home/ /backup/home/
 
# Or pack with tar
sudo tar czf /backup/home-backup-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /home/
 
# Back up a specific user only
sudo rsync -avzP /home/username/ /backup/home-username/

Copia de seguridad de la base de datos


# MySQL / MariaDB
mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /backup/mysql-all-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
# Single database
mysqldump -u root -p mydb > /backup/mysql-mydb-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
 
# PostgreSQL
sudo -u postgres pg_dumpall > /backup/postgres-all-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
# Single database
sudo -u postgres pg_dump mydb > /backup/postgres-mydb-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
 
# Redis
redis-cli BGSAVE
sudo cp /var/lib/redis/dump.rdb /backup/redis-$(date +%Y%m%d).rdb
 
# MongoDB
mongodump --out /backup/mongodb-$(date +%Y%m%d)/
 
# SQLite
cp /path/to/database.db /backup/sqlite-$(date +%Y%m%d).db

Datos del sitio web y de la aplicación


# Web root directory
sudo tar czf /backup/www-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /var/www/
 
# Docker data volumes
docker volume ls
for vol in $(docker volume ls -q); do
    docker run --rm -v ${vol}:/data -v /backup:/backup ubuntu \
        tar czf /backup/docker-vol-${vol}-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz -C /data .
done
 
# Docker Compose projects
cd /path/to/project && docker compose down
tar czf /backup/docker-project-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /path/to/project/

2. Copia de seguridad de la configuración del sistema

Archivos de configuración clave


# Pack the entire /etc directory
sudo tar czf /backup/etc-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /etc/
 
# Back up key configurations individually
sudo cp -a /etc/ssh/ /backup/ssh-config/
sudo cp -a /etc/nginx/ /backup/nginx-config/
sudo cp -a /etc/apache2/ /backup/apache2-config/
sudo cp -a /etc/netplan/ /backup/netplan-config/
sudo cp -a /etc/samba/ /backup/samba-config/
sudo cp -a /etc/fstab /backup/fstab
sudo cp -a /etc/hosts /backup/hosts
sudo cp -a /etc/crontab /backup/crontab

Trabajos cronificados


# System cron
sudo cp -a /etc/cron.d/ /backup/cron.d/
sudo cp -a /etc/crontab /backup/crontab
 
# User cron
crontab -l > /backup/crontab-$(whoami)-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
 
# All users' cron jobs
for user in $(cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd); do
    cron=$(sudo crontab -u $user -l 2>/dev/null)
    if [ -n "$cron" ]; then
        echo "=== $user ===" >> /backup/crontabs-all.txt
        echo "$cron" >> /backup/crontabs-all.txt
    fi
done

Servicios systemd personalizados


# Back up custom systemd service files
sudo tar czf /backup/systemd-custom-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz \
    /etc/systemd/system/*.service \
    /etc/systemd/system/*.timer \
    /etc/systemd/system/*.mount \
    2>/dev/null

Reglas del cortafuegos


# UFW rules
sudo ufw status numbered > /backup/ufw-rules.txt
sudo cp -a /etc/ufw/ /backup/ufw-config/
 
# iptables rules
sudo iptables-save > /backup/iptables-$(date +%Y%m%d).rules
sudo ip6tables-save > /backup/ip6tables-$(date +%Y%m%d).rules

3. Registro del estado del sistema

Paquetes instalados


# Full package list
dpkg --get-selections > /backup/packages-selections-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
 
# Manually installed packages (excluding auto-dependencies)
apt-mark showmanual > /backup/packages-manual-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
 
# With version numbers
dpkg -l > /backup/packages-versions-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
 
# Snap packages
snap list > /backup/snap-packages-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
 
# Flatpak packages (if applicable)
flatpak list > /backup/flatpak-packages-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt 2>/dev/null
 
# pip packages
pip3 list > /backup/pip-packages-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt 2>/dev/null

APT Configuración de origen


# DEB822 format sources
sudo cp -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ /backup/apt-sources.list.d/
 
# APT keys
sudo cp -a /etc/apt/keyrings/ /backup/apt-keyrings/ 2>/dev/null
sudo cp -a /usr/share/keyrings/ /backup/usr-keyrings/ 2>/dev/null
 
# APT preferences
sudo cp /etc/apt/preferences.d/* /backup/apt-preferences/ 2>/dev/null

Configuración de red


# Network state
ip addr > /backup/ip-addr-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
ip route > /backup/ip-route-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
cat /etc/resolv.conf > /backup/resolv-conf-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
ss -tlnp > /backup/listening-ports-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt

Servicios en ejecución


systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running > /backup/services-running-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled > /backup/services-enabled-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt

Información de kernel y arranque


uname -a > /backup/kernel-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
cat /proc/cmdline > /backup/cmdline-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt
dpkg --list | grep linux-image > /backup/kernel-packages-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt

4. Copia de seguridad completa del sistema

Usando el cambio de tiempo


# Install Timeshift
sudo apt install timeshift -y
 
# Create a system snapshot (RSYNC mode)
sudo timeshift --create --comments "Pre-upgrade backup $(date +%Y%m%d)" --tags D
 
# List snapshots
sudo timeshift --list

Copia de seguridad completa del disco con rsync


# Full disk backup to an external drive
sudo rsync -aAXv --exclude={"/dev/*","/proc/*","/sys/*","/tmp/*","/run/*","/mnt/*","/media/*","/lost+found","/backup/*"} / /mnt/backup/full-system/

Imagen de disco con dd


# Create a full disk image (should be done from a Live USB)
sudo dd if=/dev/sda of=/mnt/external/disk-image-$(date +%Y%m%d).img bs=4M status=progress
 
# Compressed image
sudo dd if=/dev/sda bs=4M status=progress | gzip > /mnt/external/disk-image-$(date +%Y%m%d).img.gz

LVM Snapdisparos


# If using LVM, create a logical volume snapshot
sudo lvcreate -L 10G -s -n root-snap /dev/vg0/root
 
# After a failed upgrade, you can restore from the snapshot
sudo lvconvert --merge /dev/vg0/root-snap

Máquina virtual Snapshots


# KVM/libvirt VMs
virsh snapshot-create-as vm-name pre-upgrade-$(date +%Y%m%d)
 
# VirtualBox
VBoxManage snapshot "VM Name" take "pre-upgrade"
 
# Cloud servers
# Create a system disk snapshot in the cloud console

5. Script de copia de seguridad con un clic

Consolide los pasos anteriores en un script:


#!/bin/bash
# pre-upgrade-backup.sh
set -euo pipefail
 
BACKUP_DIR="/backup/pre-upgrade-$(date +%Y%m%d)"
mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR"
 
echo "=== Starting pre-upgrade backup ==="
echo "Backup directory: $BACKUP_DIR"
 
# System information
echo ">> Recording system state..."
lsb_release -a > "$BACKUP_DIR/lsb-release.txt" 2>&1
uname -a > "$BACKUP_DIR/kernel.txt"
dpkg --get-selections > "$BACKUP_DIR/packages-selections.txt"
apt-mark showmanual > "$BACKUP_DIR/packages-manual.txt"
systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running > "$BACKUP_DIR/services-running.txt"
ip addr > "$BACKUP_DIR/ip-addr.txt"
ss -tlnp > "$BACKUP_DIR/listening-ports.txt"
 
# Configuration files
echo ">> Backing up configuration files..."
sudo tar czf "$BACKUP_DIR/etc.tar.gz" /etc/ 2>/dev/null
 
# Cron
echo ">> Backing up cron jobs..."
crontab -l > "$BACKUP_DIR/crontab-user.txt" 2>/dev/null || true
 
# Firewall
echo ">> Backing up firewall rules..."
sudo ufw status numbered > "$BACKUP_DIR/ufw-rules.txt" 2>/dev/null || true
sudo iptables-save > "$BACKUP_DIR/iptables.rules" 2>/dev/null || true
 
# Package sources
echo ">> Backing up APT sources..."
cp -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ "$BACKUP_DIR/sources.list.d/" 2>/dev/null || true
 
echo "=== Backup complete ==="
echo "Backup file listing:"
ls -lh "$BACKUP_DIR/"
echo ""
echo "Please also manually back up:"
echo "  - Databases (MySQL/PostgreSQL, etc.)"
echo "  - User data (/home)"
echo "  - Web data (/var/www)"
echo "  - Docker data volumes"
du -sh "$BACKUP_DIR"


# Use the script
chmod +x pre-upgrade-backup.sh
sudo ./pre-upgrade-backup.sh

Verificación de respaldo

Después de completar las copias de seguridad, asegúrese de verificar su integridad:


# Verify tar archive integrity
tar tzf /backup/etc-*.tar.gz > /dev/null && echo "etc backup is OK"
 
# Verify database backup
# WARNING: a full dump usually contains CREATE DATABASE / USE statements,
# so never SOURCE it directly into a production instance, or it will overwrite existing databases!
# Safe approach 1: only check the integrity of the dump file
gunzip -t /backup/mysql-all-*.sql.gz && echo "database backup archive is intact"
# For an uncompressed .sql, check whether it ends with the dump-completed marker
tail -n1 /backup/mysql-all-20260324.sql | grep -q "Dump completed" && echo "dump is complete"
 
# Safe approach 2: restore and verify in an isolated, throwaway instance (e.g. a separate container/port), never against the production database
 
# Verify file count
echo "Original file count: $(find /etc -type f | wc -l)"
echo "Backup file count: $(tar tzf /backup/etc-*.tar.gz | wc -l)"
 
# Confirm the backup disk has enough space
df -h /backup/